In a rolling mill, back-up rolls exert force on the two rolls which are actually in contact with the metal being processed (the work rolls). The back-up rolls prevent the work rolls from bending under the forces exerted on them as they "squeeze" the metal passing through the mill into a new profile.

Bake hardening alters the properties of sheet in a car production line. The body panels are painted once they have been pressed and the paint is later cured by passing through an oven. Although the steel is already work hardened during pressing, it will be during the curing process that the arrangement of the atoms in the steel will change. The result is that after baking and cooling the steel has a higher strength than it did after pressing. 

A unit of volume measurement used for petroleum and its products.

Bars are long steel products of various different shapes, most of which are cross-sectional such as round, square, L-shaped (angle bars) and tees.

The basic oxygen furnace converts iron from the blast furnace into steel. When oxygen is blown over the molten iron in a BOF vessel, it combines with and removes carbon as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Unwanted silicon, phosphorus and other elements are also driven off, while other impurities are combined with fluxes which are removed and then made into slag. The reactions in the BOF vessel creates heat, so ferrous scrap is added to cool it down. 

A battery is a device containing an electric cell or a series of electric cells storing energy that can be converted into electrical power (usually in the form of direct current). Electrochemical cells transform chemical energy into electrical energy. Inside the battery is an electrolyte, often consisting of soluble salts or acids. It serves as a conductive medium, allowing the electric charge to travel through the battery.

Battery raw materials are the materials used to make batteries. 60% of batteries is made up of a combination of materials like zinc (anode), manganese (cathode) and potassium. Critical raw materials used in manufacturing Li-ion batteries (LIBs) include lithium, graphite, cobalt, and manganese

Battery recycling is a recycling activity that aims to reduce the number of batteries being disposed as municipal solid waste. Batteries contain a number of heavy metals and toxic chemicals and their dumping has raised concerns over soil contamination and water pollution. Most batteries can be recycled and we see that nearly 90% of all lead acid automotive batteries are recycled. Unfortunately, it is much less so for Lithium-ion batteries with just 5% being recycled globally (2021), most likely due to their size, hundreds of complicated of components, and hazardous materials. However, Lithium-ion batteries contain valuable materials which can be recovered during the recycling process, such as copper and aluminiumin in addition to cobalt and nickel as well as other rare earths.

Battery swapping is a process where a discharged battery or battery pack can be immediately swapped for a fully charged one, eliminating the delay involved in waiting for the vehicle's battery to charge. This can be done at battery swapping (or switching) stations. 

Beams are used to construct the supporting elements of buildings and bridges. These structural steel products come in various shapes.

BEV (battery electric vehicle), also known as pure electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that exclusively uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs, with no secondary source of propulsion (e.g. hydrogen fuel cell, internal combustion engine, etc). BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. 

Billets are long, continuously cast semis. Similarly to blooms, they are cut-to-length after casting and are reheated for rolling. Billet is the starting point for rolling products like rebar, plain bar, merchant bar and light sections, narrow strip and wire rod. 

This is a document generated by a shipper that details a shipment of merchandise, giving title to the goods, and requiring the carrier to release the merchandise to a named party at the destination. 

A fuel cell stack component which allows electricity to be conducted between adjacent fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies in a stack. They are often designed to channel the flow of gases and heat to and from the cell

The blast furnace is crucial for steelworks using iron ore as their principal raw material. The furnaces are tall and shaft-like structures which extract iron from ore in a continuous thermal process that produces molten iron (pig iron) for conversion into steel in a basic oxygen furnace. Iron ore, coke and limestone are the main inputs and are charged to the top of the blast furnace.