An advanced steel refining facility that removes oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen under low pressures (in a vacuum) to produce ultra-low-carbon steel for demanding electrical and automotive applications. Normally performed in the ladle, the removal of dissolved gases results in cleaner, higher quality, more pure steel.

A ladle steelmaking process in which oxygen is injected into molten steel under vacuum. This allows carbon to be removed from the steel without oxidising chromium. A method of refining stainless steel.

Vanadium  is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer somewhat stabilises the free metal against further oxidation.  The vanadium redox battery, also known as the vanadium flow battery or vanadium redox flow battery, is a type of rechargeable flow battery that employs vanadium ions in different oxidation states to store chemical potential energy.

A non-thermal heavy oil production method where a solvent vapour is used to reduce viscosity of the heavy oil. 

There are three main types of graphite: flake, vein, and amorphous. Vein graphite is believed to originate from crude oil deposits that through time, temperature and pressure were converted to graphite. Vein graphite is currently only mined in Sri Lanka and of the types of graphite it is considered the rarest. Vein graphite is generally used in advanced, thermal and high-friction applications such as car brakes and clutches. However, it is also used in the same way as flake graphite due to it's performance in applications that require high thermal and electrical conductivity.

Non-recycled sources of iron used for steelmaking such as iron ore or products made from iron ore such as DRI or HBI (excluding ferrous scrap).

This term describes the resistance of fluid to flow. A high viscosity fluid will not flow as easily as a low viscosity fluid.

Crude oil with high viscosity and high specific gravity. Heavy oils typically have low hydrogen-to-carbon ratios, high asphaltene, sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy-metal content, as well as higher acid numbers.

Volt is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force. One volt is defined as the electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points.