Obsolete scrap is derived from steel-containing goods at the end of their useful lives, while revert scrap is steel waste produced and recycled within a steelworks. New production scrap is generated when steel is cut and formed during the manufacturing of finished products or components.

Seamless tubes are made from solid blocks of steel that are pierced and drawn into tube shape. Seamless tubes have greater strength than welded tubes because of their homogenous microstructure, but are much more expensive to produce. They are made by rolling a preheated billet between offset rolls which is then pierced with a pointed bar or plug to create a tube shell. This is then elongated in a multi-stand rolling mill to achieve the desired thickness

Steelmakers use a secondary metallurgy vessel between the steelmaking and casting operations to allow molten steel to be brought to the required specification. Key operations can include deoxidation, desulphurisation and dephosphorisation. Not only does the use of secondary metallurgy enable a larger range of steel grades to be cast, but fine tuning steel composition in a separate furnace greatly improves the productivity of the main steelmaking unit. This is because with metallurgical adjustments taking place elsewhere, the time from steelmaking raw materials in, to tapped liquid steel out, is shortened.

This describes the recovery of oil or gas from a reservoir by artificially maintaining or enhancing the reservoir pressure by injecting gas, water or other substances into the reservoir rock.

Semis is short for semi-finished steel, which is the name given to large, uniform cast pieces that require further processing in order to be transformed into finished long, flat and tubular steel products.

This describes the process of separating liquid and gas hydrocarbons and water. This is typically accomplished in a pressure vessel at the surface, but newer technologies allow separation to occur in the wellbore under certain conditions.

In a lithium-ion battery, a seperator is a critically important safety component.  It is a thin porous membrane that separates the anode and cathode. This is the seperator's main function, to prevent physical contact between the anode and cathode, while facilitating ion transport in the cell.

This describes the gas that remains after its separation from condensate.

Separator plates are used to physically separate individual fuel cells in a stack.

This describes the process to cement casing into the hole. The cement is pumped downhole to the bottom of the well and is forced up a certain distance into the annular space between casing and the rock wall of the drill hole.

Shale gas is a natural gas that is found trapped in within shale formations. Because shales ordinarily have insufficient permeability to allow significant fluid flow to a well bore, most shales are not commercial sources of natural gas. Horizontal drilling is often used with shale gas wells.

Shredding transforms mixed metallic scrap into a more homogeneous product. It is done in a shredder, a powerful piece of enclosed equipment with rotating hammers which break down the incoming material. Shredded scrap’s regular consistency is attractive to electric arc furnace operators as it is easy to charge and offers uniform steel chemistry.

Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. Silicon is used in a subclass of lithium-ion batteries and they are called Lithium–silicon batteries. These batteries use a silicon-based anode and lithium ions as the charge carriers.  Silicon has ten times higher capacity than graphite so replacing graphite with silicon could lead to lighter and safer batteries. However, silicon can take on more lithium than graphite, it tends to expand about 300 percent in volume, causing the anode to become electrically insulating and break apart.

A process in which fine materials are combined into a porous mass that can be used in the blast furnace.

Semi-finished steel product - the main intermediate material in the production of flat rolled steel. Slab is usually hot rolled into plate or into hot rolled coil.